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Health services managers' perceptions of communications barriers were investigated by a questionnaire. The most serious barriers were so regarded whatever the manager's relative status. Lack of trust, resistance to change and the tendency not to listen ranked highly.

A questionnaire survey of managers was used to identify what specific communications behaviours managers should have and how widely these were demonstrated in practice by the managers' superiors. The findings suggest that too many managers are more concerned with pleasing their superiors than interacting effectively with subordinates. Recommendations are made for remedying this situation.

The United States business community has before it an opportunity for economic growth through international trade that represents approximately three trillion dollars. Unfortunately, the American business community has not seized the opportunity to penetrate international trade. For example, the import of goods into the United States has continued to exceed exports. Since 1970, the United States' share of world trade has decreased from 15.4 per cent to 12.6 percent, creating a deficit in the balance of payments.

Until recently most managers were wary of using humour as a communication technique in the business setting, believing that the two did not mix. Now comic techniques are gaining acceptance as tools of business communication. Humour and laughter are coping skills. One of the most important tasks of a manager is to implement these skills throughout all levels of the firm to preserve the individual health of the employees and the entire firm. Humour can promote “good feelings” on the job and enhance oral presentations. Managers may not adopt a humorous approach themselves but should accept it in others and try to see the humour in situations. Those who do not want to employ humorous techniques should match it to the situation and/or audience, and never use it at the expense of an individual.

Outlines the benefits of humour in the workplace. Briefly looks at the place of humour in advertising and the effect of it in areas such as attention, comprehension, persuasion and likeability. Discusses humour in the workplace and provides some suggestions for employers. Covers humour in training and concludes that modest investment in all these areas can bring benefits to the workplace.

As maternal mortality increases in the United States, birth providers and policymakers are seeking new solutions to address what scholars have called the “C-section epidemic.” Hospital cesarean rates vary tremendously, from 7 to 70 percent of all births. Based on in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 47 obstetricians and family physicians in the United States, I explore one reason for this variation: differences in how physicians perceive and manage risk in American obstetrics. While the dominant model of risk management encourages high levels of intervention and monitoring, I argue that a significant portion of physicians are concerned about high intervention rates in childbirth and are working to reduce cesarean rates and/or the use of monitoring technologies like continuous fetal heart rate monitors. Unlike prior theories of biomedicalization, which suggest that health risks are managed through increased monitoring and intervention, I find that many physicians are resisting this model of risk management by ordering fewer interventions and collecting less information about their patients. These providers acknowledge that interventions designed to mitigate risks may only provide an illusion of control, rather than an actual mastery of risks. By limiting interventions, providers may lose this illusion of control but also mitigate the iatrogenic effects of intervention and continuous monitoring. This alternative approach to risk management is growing in many medical fields and deserves more attention from medical sociologists.